Bankerlerden günümüze Türk bankacılık tarihinin kronolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi
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Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
B. Sena Çakmak
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Türkiye’de para ve sermaye piyasalarında aktif şekilde faaliyet gösteren bankalar, finansal sistemin en önemli ayaklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Günümüz itibariyle güçlü kurumlara ve modern bir bankacılık anlayışına sahip olan Türk bankacılık sektörünün geldiği noktanın doğru değerlendirilmesi adına sektörün tarihsel süreç içinde geçirdiği değişim ve dönüşümün kavranması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türk bankacılık sektörünün tarihsel gelişimi kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türk bankacılık tarihinin 19. yüzyıla kadar uzandığı ve Osmanlı döneminde banker ve sarrafların faaliyetleri ile başladığı tespit edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet öncesinde daha çok yüksek kamu borçlanmalarını finanse etmek üzere faaliyet gösteren bankalar, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında ise, sanayi sektörünün finanse edilmesinde görev almıştır. Bu süreçte özel sektörün güçlenerek, özel bankaların kurulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Planlı dönemde ise, bankacılık sektörü için istikrarsız büyüme ve enflasyondan kaynaklanan zorluklar yaşanmıştır. 1980 yılından sonra piyasa ekonomisine geçiş ile, bankacılık sektöründe birçok yenilik meydana gelmiştir. Ancak 1990’dan sonra, yüksek kamu borçları ve yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle, bankacılık sektörü zor yıllar yaşamıştır. Yaşanan krizlerin ardından bankacılık sektöründe, yeniden yapılandırma süreci başlamış ve kredi hacmi ilerleyen yıllarda oldukça genişlemiştir. Mevcut durum itibariyle, Türk bankacılık sektörü sağlam mali yapısı ile faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW TO THE BANKING SECTOR BORN WITH GALATA BANKERS IN TURKEY 1. LITERATURE 1.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT The financial system is one of the most critical indicators of performance in an economy. Therefore, understanding the change and transformation of the financial system provides useful information for economic agents. The banking sector is one of the essential pillars of the financial system. In Turkey, as in the world, the units that pioneered the banking system are the bankers. Galata bankers influenced the economic conditions with the banker enterprises they established in the second half of the 19th century and played an essential role in the financial life of the Ottoman Empire. Galata Bankers have made significant savings by carrying out loan transactions in almost all lands of the Ottoman Empire and financing the consumer and local people (Kazgan, 2006: 25). Bankers carried out banking activities (Sümer, 2013: 11), and the wealth and welfare of bankers increased to advanced levels. Bankers, who continued borrowing and lending transactions in Galata, carried out banking activities until the transition to modern banking (Apak and Tay, 2012: 66). 1.2. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish banking sector from a historical perspective and to try to shed light on Turkish banking history. 1.3. CONTRIBUTION of THE ARTICLE to THE LITERATURE It is thought that looking at the Turkish banking sector from a historical perspective may be beneficial for the finance literature. In this way, shedding light on historical development is expected to be a guide in terms of having information about the financial system, proposing policies and reducing uncertainties regarding the future. 2. DESIGN AND METHOD In the study, the history and development of Turkish banking are investigated chronologically, divided into specific periods. In this context, the literature has been examined, and secondary resources have been used. 3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION It was determined that banking activities in the Ottoman Empire first started through Galata Bankers residing in Galata. It has been determined that banking activities and borrowing in the Ottoman Empire generally originated from the public sector, but in the first years of the Republic, mostly the industrial sector was financed by the banks. Also, it was determined that the private sector got more robust and private banks were established in the same period. The planned period, on the other hand, was a period of difficulties arising from unstable growth and inflation for the banking sector. Therefore, the banking sector could not become strong enough. With the transition to a market economy after 1980, many innovations have occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, due to high public debts and high inflation, the banking sector experienced difficult times. After 2001, the restructuring process started in the banking sector, and the loan volume expanded considerably in this process. The restructuring process has stabilized the banking sector, however; foreign-owned banks have become more assertive, and banks in the sector have begun to lose their national identity. Today, the financial structure of the Turkish banking system shows a robust character. Besides, the Turkish banking sector has high-quality products and services and effective supervisory institutions. 4. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATIONS As a result, it was determined that borrowing generally originated from the public sector in the banking activities, which started with money and bankers in the Ottoman Empire; in the first years of the Republic, the industrial sector was financed by the banks, and the private sector was strengthened, and private banks were established. In the planned period, there were difficulties for the banking sector due to unstable growth and inflation. With the transition to the market economy after 1980, many innovations occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, the banking sector had a hard time due to high public debt and high inflation. The restructuring process started after 2001 in the banking sector, and the loan volume expanded considerably in the following years. Such that, while the banking sector has become global, instability has increased. Today, the Turkish banking sector has strong institutions and a modern banking approach.
EXTENDED ABSTRACT A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW TO THE BANKING SECTOR BORN WITH GALATA BANKERS IN TURKEY 1. LITERATURE 1.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT The financial system is one of the most critical indicators of performance in an economy. Therefore, understanding the change and transformation of the financial system provides useful information for economic agents. The banking sector is one of the essential pillars of the financial system. In Turkey, as in the world, the units that pioneered the banking system are the bankers. Galata bankers influenced the economic conditions with the banker enterprises they established in the second half of the 19th century and played an essential role in the financial life of the Ottoman Empire. Galata Bankers have made significant savings by carrying out loan transactions in almost all lands of the Ottoman Empire and financing the consumer and local people (Kazgan, 2006: 25). Bankers carried out banking activities (Sümer, 2013: 11), and the wealth and welfare of bankers increased to advanced levels. Bankers, who continued borrowing and lending transactions in Galata, carried out banking activities until the transition to modern banking (Apak and Tay, 2012: 66). 1.2. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish banking sector from a historical perspective and to try to shed light on Turkish banking history. 1.3. CONTRIBUTION of THE ARTICLE to THE LITERATURE It is thought that looking at the Turkish banking sector from a historical perspective may be beneficial for the finance literature. In this way, shedding light on historical development is expected to be a guide in terms of having information about the financial system, proposing policies and reducing uncertainties regarding the future. 2. DESIGN AND METHOD In the study, the history and development of Turkish banking are investigated chronologically, divided into specific periods. In this context, the literature has been examined, and secondary resources have been used. 3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION It was determined that banking activities in the Ottoman Empire first started through Galata Bankers residing in Galata. It has been determined that banking activities and borrowing in the Ottoman Empire generally originated from the public sector, but in the first years of the Republic, mostly the industrial sector was financed by the banks. Also, it was determined that the private sector got more robust and private banks were established in the same period. The planned period, on the other hand, was a period of difficulties arising from unstable growth and inflation for the banking sector. Therefore, the banking sector could not become strong enough. With the transition to a market economy after 1980, many innovations have occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, due to high public debts and high inflation, the banking sector experienced difficult times. After 2001, the restructuring process started in the banking sector, and the loan volume expanded considerably in this process. The restructuring process has stabilized the banking sector, however; foreign-owned banks have become more assertive, and banks in the sector have begun to lose their national identity. Today, the financial structure of the Turkish banking system shows a robust character. Besides, the Turkish banking sector has high-quality products and services and effective supervisory institutions. 4. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATIONS As a result, it was determined that borrowing generally originated from the public sector in the banking activities, which started with money and bankers in the Ottoman Empire; in the first years of the Republic, the industrial sector was financed by the banks, and the private sector was strengthened, and private banks were established. In the planned period, there were difficulties for the banking sector due to unstable growth and inflation. With the transition to the market economy after 1980, many innovations occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, the banking sector had a hard time due to high public debt and high inflation. The restructuring process started after 2001 in the banking sector, and the loan volume expanded considerably in the following years. Such that, while the banking sector has become global, instability has increased. Today, the Turkish banking sector has strong institutions and a modern banking approach.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Galata Bankerleri, Türk bankacılık tarihi, Milli bankacılık, Galata Bankers, Turkish banking history, National banking
Kaynak
Business and Management Studies: An International Journal (Uluslararası İşletme ve Yönetim Dergisi)
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
8
Sayı
4
Künye
Kaya, E. & Arslantürk Çöllü, D., (2020).Bankerlerden günümüze Türk bankacılık tarihinin kronolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(4), 1-36.
