Alomari, Saleh AliAbdel-Salam, MahmoudRaza, AliŞahin, Canan BaturZitar, Raed AbuZhang, PeiyingSnasel, Vaclav2026-06-192026-06-192025978-104045106-9978-103283483-2https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003516385-2https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/4899There has been a noticeable development in the area of machine learning (ML) over the last few decades, transitioning from conventional algorithm-based systems to neural networks. The goal of this chapter is to portray the evolution of machine learning, highlighting important steps, primary algorithms, and the development of mono-approach neural network modeling. We examine the various methodologies developed in the field, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, and explain how deep learning architectures have transformed image recognition and natural language processing, and autonomous systems. The chapter concludes by addressing existing issues in machine learning, most notably interpretability, bias and the computational complexity, while suggesting directions for future research in this active field. © 2025 Laith Abualigah.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessDeep LearningDeep Reinforcement LearningImage ProcessingLearning AlgorithmsLearning SystemsNatural Language Processing SystemsNeural NetworksReinforcement LearningConventional AlgorithmsInterpretabilityLanguage ProcessingLearning ArchitecturesLearning ParadigmsMachine-LearningNatural LanguagesNeural Network ModelNeural-NetworksReinforcement LearningsImage RecognitionBook Chapter10.1201/9781003516385-29152-s2.0-105013268661N/A