Kina, CerenTanyildizi, HarunAcik, Volkan2026-06-192026-06-1920250957-58201744-3598https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.106771https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12899/5750The aim of the current work is to investigate the strength, microstructure, environmental and economic effects of hybrid ordinary portland cement (PC) and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) based geopolymer mortar as an alternative to ordinary cement mortar. Eleven mixtures were prepared for this. In this regard, PC was blended with GGBS content of 0-90 wt% in these mixtures. The designed mortar samples were cured at ambient temperature (20 +/- 2 degrees C) to be more applicable in the construction industry, unlike most geopolymer productions and ordinary PC mortar samples were also produced to be comparable to the designed hybrid PC/ GGBS-based geopolymer mortars. The compressive strength (fc) development, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and dynamic modulus of elasticity (Edyn) values of these ten-hybrid PC/GGBS-based geopolymer mortars were compared with the designed ordinary PC mortar. The results indicated that the incorporation of 20 % PC with 80 % GGBS in the alkali-activated system had the best 28-day compressive strength value with 74.26 MPa, which was 91.07 % higher than that of the designed ordinary PC mortar. The techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDS, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to identify the microstructural changes caused by the use of ambient temperature cured hybrid 20 % cement-80 % GGBS based alkali-activated mortar. The relatively higher ratios of Ca/Al and Ca/Si compared to ordinary PC mortar proved the more excellent binding property of the C-A-S-H gel, and a denser microstructure was observed in the SEM results. The superior strength development of the hybrid 20 %cement-80 %GGBS alkaliactivated mortar was confirmed by the formation of highly cross-linked C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels due to the higher degree of polymerization and hydration. Additionally, the designed hybrid 20% cement-80 % GGBS geopolymer mortar presented significant environmental and economic benefits compared to those of ordinary PC mortar, with 32.6 % and 23.5 % lower CO2 emission and cost intensity values, respectively.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessCementGranulated Blast-Furnace SlagHybrid Cement Geopolymer CompositeStrength And Microstructural AnalysisEnvironmental And Economic ImpactArticle10.1016/j.psep.2025.1067711952-s2.0-85214792124Q1WOS:001424280900001Q10000-0002-2054-3323