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    Do cigarette smoke and vitamin E affect the development of endometrial pinopods? An animal study
    (Elsevier, 2014) Duran, M.; Turhan, N.; Kosus, A.; Kosus, N.; Sarac, G. N.; Erdogan, D.; Keskin, E. A.
    Objectives: To study the effects of cigarette smoke and vitamin E on the development of endometrial pinopods. Study design: Eighteen female and 12 male Swiss albino mice, 12-14 weeks old, with a mean weight of 25 g (standard deviation 5 g) were used in this study. Female mice were divided into three equal groups. Every day for 10 weeks, mice in Group 1 (control group) received normal saline intraperitoneally; mice in Group 2 were exposed to smoke from 20 cigarettes/day using a smoke machine; and mice in Group 3 were exposed to smoke from 20 cigarettes/day using a smoke machine and also received 50 mg/kg vitamin E intraperitoneally. After 10 weeks, vaginal smears were taken from the female mice and they were copulated with the 12 male Swiss albino mice on the day of oestrus. Day 0 was defined as the day on which sperm were detected in the vagina by smear test. Mice were killed at the end of Day 5, which was considered to represent the optimal day for implantation. The uteri were removed and the effects of cigarette smoke and vitamin E on the development of endometrial pinopods were studied using an electron microscope. Results: The endometrial tissue of the control group appeared morphologically normal, with short microvilli, cytoplasm and pinopods in the form of cytoplasm and cell membrane enlargements in patches. In total, 149 pinopods were counted in the control group using a scanning electron microscope (two histologists performed the analysis and were blinded to each other's findings). In the smoke-exposed group, the cytoplasmic structure was degenerated considerably, and fewer pinopods were counted (n = 11). The number of pinopods in mice who were exposed to cigarette smoke and vitamin E (n = 67) was significantly higher compared with the cigarette-exposed group (p = 0.002), but considerably lower compared with the control group (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Smoke exposure led to a significant decrease in the development of endometrial pinopods. Vitamin E, an antioxidant, partially reversed the adverse effects of cigarette smoke. This suggests that cigarettes may have a negative effect on fertility by decreasing the number of pinopods. However, this negative effect can be reduced using vitamin E. More studies should be conducted to support this finding. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    The effect of non-ionizing radiation on the ovarian reserves of female rats
    (Imr Press, 2017) Yuvaci, H. U.; Uysal, S.; Haltas, H.; Sirav, B.; Duvan, C. I.; Turhan, N.; Seyhan, N.
    Objective: The authors aimed to investigate whether there was any effect of 1800 MHz GSM-modulated radio frequency radiation (RFR) as a source of non-ionizing radiation on the ovarian reserves of female rats by hematoxylin eosin staining under a light microscope, and also to evaluate the effect on the anti-Mulllerian hormone (AMH) level of rats. Design: A prospective observational study. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 age-matched young adult female Wistar albino rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=6) constituted the controls; group 2 (n=6) constituted the 1800 MHz exposed animals. RFR exposed group were kept ten cm away from the horn antenna to satisfy the near field condition. The control group was kept in the same setting without any RFR exposure. The exposure period was 20 minutes for five days/week for one month. Results: The results of this study showed that 1800 MHz RFR did not have a significant effect on the ratios of atretic follicles in rat ovary tissues when compared with the control group (p>0.05). However, the authors detected statistically significantly higher AMH levels in RFR exposed groups (p<0.005). Conclusions: 1800 MHz GSM modulated RFR exposure in rats was found to have no adverse effect on ovarian reserves or follicles. The present authors' failure to detect any changes could be due to the limited duration of the RFR exposure or the limited number of subjects used in the study. AMH levels were significantly higher, which might be due to the aforementioned limitations in this study. There is a need for further experimental studies in which the effects of RFR emitted by cellular phones can be studied.