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Öğe Assessment of the Antifungal Effect of Biotechnological Product-A New Vegan Agent Microbial Chondroitin Sulfate Against Predominant Candida Strains(Jihad Daneshgahi, 2024) Erenler, Ayse Sebnem; Unver, Tuba; Melekoglu, RaufMicrobial Chondroitin Sulfate (CS), possesses biocompatible, antiallergic, and non-toxic properties due to its polyanionic structure hold potential as an antifungal agent. This study investigated the effectiveness of microbial CS generated from recombinant Escherichia coli C2987 by biotechnological techniques as an antifungal product for treating Candida infections. Chondroitin biosynthesis was conducted utilizing a recombinant non-pathogenic E. coli, generated through the transformation of plasmid pETM6-PACF-vgb, which carries genes (kfoA, kfoC, and kfoF) responsible for chondroitin synthesis, along with the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb). The broth microdilution and agar dilution assays were employed to assess the antifungal activity of microbial CS and commercial CS against predominant Candida strains comparatively. The inhibitory effect of microbial CS against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, , and Candida krusei was greater than that of commercial CS. This study demonstrates the antifungal activity of microbial CS, a pharmacological agent produced from a recombinant source (vegan-halal). Microbial CS can be a potential supportive treatment not only for vaginal candidiasis but also for other Candida infections that may cause skin and mucosal infections, with its supportive effect on connective tissues and its therapeutic-preventive effect on possible Candida infections.Öğe Evaluation of second trimester plasma lipoxin A4, VEGFR-1, IL-6, and TNF-a levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus(De Gruyter Poland Sp Z O O, 2023) Kiran, Tugba Raika; Melekoglu, Rauf; Otlu, Onder; Inceoglu, Feyza; Karabulut, Ercan; Erenler, Ayse SebnemIn this study, our objective was to explore the association between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and second trimester maternal plasma levels of lipoxin A4 (LXA4), along with proinflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and the anti-angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) in pregnant women. The study included a cohort of 30 pregnant women with GDM and a control group of 30 normoglycaemic pregnant women matched for age, body mass index, and gestational age. Plasma samples were collected and analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess specific biomarkers. The GDM group had significantly lower levels of LXA4 and higher levels of TNF-a and VEGFR-1 compared to the control group (p = 0.038, p = 0.025, and p = 0.002, respectively). A statistically significant decrease in the LXA4/TNF-a ratio was observed in the GDM group (p = 0.004). The results suggest that each unit decrease in the LXA4/TNF-a ratio is associated with a 1.280-fold increase in the risk of GDM. These findings suggest a potential diagnostic role for the LXA4/TNFa ratio as a marker for women with GDM. This work provides new insights into the pathogenesis of GDM and highlights the important interplay between inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.Öğe Response: The role of carbonic anhydrase I and II enzymes in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus and their relationship with oxidative stress(Wiley, 2026) Melekoglu, Rauf; Erenler, Ayse Sebnem; Kiran, Tugba Raika; Inceoglu, Feyza; Alkan Uckun, Aysel[Abstract Not Available]Öğe The role of carbonic anhydrase I and II enzymes in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus and their relationship with oxidative stress(Wiley, 2026) Melekoglu, Rauf; Erenler, Ayse Sebnem; Kiran, Tugba Raika; Inceoglu, Feyza; Alkan Uckun, AyselObjective Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a hyperglycemic condition that develops during pregnancy and poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of GDM by disrupting insulin signaling pathways and contributing to beta-cell dysfunction. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, particularly CA-I and CA-II, are involved in pH regulation and metabolic homeostasis. However, the relationship between oxidative stress and CA enzyme activity in GDM remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate CA-I and CA-II levels and their association with oxidative stress parameters in GDM patients. Methods This case-control study included 30 pregnant women with GDM and 30 healthy pregnant controls. Baseline characteristics were fully reported; differences between groups were examined using covariate-adjusted analyses. Serum levels of CA-I, CA-II, malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results CA-I and CA-II levels were significantly higher in the GDM group compared to control (P < 0.05). MDA and TOS levels were also elevated in GDM patients, indicating increased oxidative stress, whereas TAC levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that CA-I, CA-II, MDA, and TOS exhibited strong discriminatory power in differentiating GDM patients from healthy controls. In a multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), gestational age at sampling, and parity, GDM was associated with higher CA-I (beta = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-4.6) and CA-II (beta = 2.4, 1.1-3.7), higher MDA (beta = 0.27 per 0.1-unit) and TOS (beta = 4.1 per unit), and lower TAC (beta = -0.22 per 0.1-unit; all P <= 0.004). In logistic regression, CA-I, CA-II, MDA, and TOS independently increased the odds of GDM, while TAC was inversely associated (adjusted odds ratios [ORs] 1.28, 1.17, 1.15, 1.05, and 0.87, respectively), with excellent model performance (area under the curve [AUC] 0.86; Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.67). Conclusion Increased CA-I and CA-II levels in GDM patients suggest a potential role for CA enzymes in the metabolic dysregulation associated with GDM. The strong correlation between oxidative stress markers and CA enzyme activity highlights their potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for GDM. Future studies should explore the mechanistic pathways linking CA enzymes with oxidative stress and insulin resistance to identify novel therapeutic targets.
