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    Analysis of metal(loid)s and minerals in tissues of fish from a reservoir on the Euphrates River by ICP-MS/MS: health risks, nutritional benefits and correlations with fish size
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel
    This study analyzed the concentrations of 14 metal(loid)s and minerals (MMs) in the muscle, liver, and gills of Cyprinus carpio and Carasobarbus luteus collected from the Birecik Reservoir (T & uuml;rkiye), located along the Euphrates River, using ICP-MS/MS. It also examined the influence of fish size (weight and length) on MM accumulation, assessed potential health risks associated with metal(loid) exposure, and evaluated the nutritional value of essential elements. Significant differences in MM concentrations were observed between the two species across all tissues. In both species, the liver exhibited the highest levels of MMs, followed by gills and muscle. No consistent pattern was found between fish size and MM accumulation. Both fish were identified as good dietary sources of essential elements such as Cu, Mg, P, K, Zn, Fe, and Mn. Health risk assessments indicated that consumption of these fish poses no carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic risk to adults. The weekly safe consumption limits were calculated as 840 g for C. carpio and 1680 g for C. luteus. Overall, the findings suggest that the nutritional benefits of consuming these fish species outweigh the potential risks from metal(loid) exposure.
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    Bioaccumulation of Metals in Various Tissues of Fish Species in Relation to Fish Size and Gender and Health Risk Assessment
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel
    Purpose of ReviewThis study was aimed at identifying the differences in the levels of 17 metals and elements (MEs) between fish species (Capoeta tinca and Squalius pursakensis) and fish tissues (muscle, gills, and liver), at identifying the effect of fish gender and fish size (length and weight) on bioaccumulation of MEs in tissues, at assessing both health risks and benefits of MEs in fish muscle, and at defining safe fish consumption quantities for consumers.Recent FindingsThe levels of most MEs in tissues did not differ significantly between both fish species. The gills had higher levels of most MEs than the liver and muscle. Only a few MEs in the tissues of both fish species demonstrated significant associations with fish length or weight. There were no significant differences between male and female fish in terms of the levels of most metals in tissues. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of metals were below the reference doses. Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values were less than 1. Carcinogenic risk (CR) values were within or below the acceptable range. Also, maximum safe fish consumption quantities (MSCQs) were established for consumers.Because both fish species were collected from the same water body and had the same habitat preferences, the levels of most MEs did not differ significantly in the tissues of both fish species. Because the gills and liver are metabolically active organs, they had higher levels of MEs than the muscle. The relationships between the levels of MEs in the tissues and fish size were both unclear and inconsistent. The results indicated that ME accumulation in tissues of individuals within the same species was not significantly influenced by gender. The THQ, HI, CR, and EDI values indicated that no adverse health consequences are expected for consumers. It was established that daily consumption of less than 50 g of C. tinca or 80 g of S. pursakensis would not be harmful to consumers' health. Nutritional evaluation results indicated that both fish species are good sources of essential MEs. Therefore, consumption of the fish species would bring tremendous health benefits.
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    Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kizilirmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul
    Although the Kizilirmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058-109489) and Zn (933-47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.
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    Metal(loid)s and minerals in fish tissues: health risk-benefit assessment and variations by gender and size
    (Springer, 2025) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel; Polat, Yasin
    In this study, the concentrations of 15 metal(loid)s and minerals (MMs) were measured in the muscle, liver and gills of two economically important fish species (Cyprinus carpio and Tinca tinca) collected from Hirfanl & imath; Reservoir (T & uuml;rkiye) using inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of fish weight, length and gender on the concentrations of MMs in the tissues, the health risks of metal(loid)s and the nutritional importance of essential metals and minerals were also evaluated. Results indicated that MM concentrations were similar between the two species, likely due to their simultaneous capture from the same reservoir location. Generally, higher MM levels were found in the liver and gills than in muscle. The most abundant MMs in the gills, liver and muscle were Ca (9677 mg/kg wet weight (ww)), P (5161 mg/kg ww) and K (5398 mg/kg ww), respectively. No statistically significant trends were observed in MM accumulation in the tissues based on fish gender or size. Both species were good sources of essential nutrients (Ca, Mg, P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn). The average concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Zn were below regulatory safety limits, indicating no significant health risk. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk values indicated that consuming these fish species would not pose a health risk to adults. Weekly consumption amounts below 210 g for C. carpio and below 280 g for T. tinca were deemed safe. The findings suggest that the nutritional benefits of these fish outweigh the potential health risks from metal(loid)s.
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    Species, tissue and gender-related metal and element accumulation in fish species in a large reservoir (Turkey) and health risks and nutritional benefits for consumers
    (Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kacar, Emel; Sunbul, Muhammet Rasit; Islam, Abu Reza Md Towfiqul
    Concentrations of 18 metals and elements (MEs) in the gills, skin, muscle and liver of Carasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio from the Ataturk Reservoir in Turkey were investigated. The results revealed that variations in the ME contents between fish species can be attributed to different diets. The highest contents of most MEs were recorded in the gills. Gender had no significant effect on the contents of most MEs in the tissues of fish species investigated. The relations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Health risk assessment methods indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that daily consumption of 140 g of C. carpio or 170 g of C. luteus would not be expected to cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of essential MEs.