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    Accumulation of trace elements in muscle, gill and liver of fish species (Capoeta umbla and Luciobarbus mystaceus) in the Tigris River (Turkey), and health risk assessment
    (Elsevier, 2020) Varol, Memet; Kaçar, Emel; Karadede Akın, Hülya
    Two fish species (Capoeta umbla and Luciobarbus mystaceus) were collected from the Tigris River (Turkey), and tissues (gill, muscle and liver) of fish samples were analyzed for Cd, As, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co and Ni using the inductively coupled plasma-tandem mass spectrometry. Significant differences were present between fish species in regard to trace element (TE) concentrations in muscle for Mn, in liver for Cu, Cd and Mn, and in gill for As, Co, Cu and Cd (p < 0.05). Liver had the highest total TE concentration, followed by gill and muscle. Significant negative correlations were recorded between fish size (length and weight) and TE concentrations in the tissues. Both fish species showed no gender differences in TE accumulation in muscle, gill and liver (p > 0.05). The estimated daily intakes for all TEs were much lower than the tolerable daily intakes. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and total THQ values of all TEs did not exceed 1, which means that non-carcinogenic health effects are not expected for the consumers. Arsenic carcinogenic risk values were within acceptable range. Mean Cd concentrations in muscle tissue of both fish species exceeded the maximum permissible limit set by the European Commission Regulation, while mean concentrations of As, Cr and Cu were below the legislated limits.
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    Levels of metals and elements in tissues of fish species in the Kızılırmak River (Turkey) and assessment of health risks and nutritional benefits
    (Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kaçar, Emel; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Md Towfiqul Islam, Abu Reza
    Although the Kızılırmak River, the longest river in Turkey, is home to many fish species, there are a few studies reporting metal levels in fish in the river. The contents of 17 metals and elements (MEs) in various tissues of three fish species and surface water from the river were investigated. Significant differences in the ME levels among tissues were recorded, and the highest levels of most MEs were recorded in the gills and liver. The results revealed that correlations between MEs in tissues and fish size were not clear and consistent. Among the MEs, P (6058–109489) and Zn (933–47556) had the highest bioconcentration factor values. The levels of As and Cd in the river water exceeded water quality criteria. Health risk assessment methods (Target Hazard Quotient, Estimated Daily Intake and Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk) indicated that consumption of the studied fish species is safe. It was estimated that a weekly consumption of 490 g of C. gibelio, or 350 g of C. carpio or 280 g of T. tinca would not cause any health risks. Furthermore, it was found that fish species would provide significant benefits in terms of intake of nutrients such as P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweigh the health risks posed by metals in fish.
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    Toxic and essential elements in selected fish species from the Tigris River (Turkey) and assessment of their health risks and benefits
    (Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Kaçar, Emel; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit
    The distribution of 18 toxic and essential elements (TEEs) (Sr, As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ca, Cd, K, Co, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Cr and Zn) was investigated in tissues/organs of three fish species showing similar feeding habits from the Tigris River. The findings revealed that concentrations of TEEs in fish depend on the species. The highest contents of most TEEs were recorded in the gills followed by the liver, skin and muscle. Generally, inverse relationships were recorded between fish size and TEEs in tissues of fish species which may be explained by the lower metabolic rate and dilution effect of higher lipid content in the bigger fish. The average contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and inorganic As in muscle tissues of fish species were below the permissible limits. The estimated daily intakes of Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn, inorganic As, Cd, Co, Cr and Pb were much lower than the reference doses set by USEPA. The target hazard quotient and hazard index values were below 1, indicating that non-carcinogenic health effects are unlikely to occur. The carcinogenic risk values for inorganic As were below 10?6, indicating no carcinogenic health risks for consumers. It was found that daily consumption of 230 g of fish would not be expected to cause any health risks. In addition, it was found that fish species would provide great benefits considering intake of essential elements. These findings revealed that nutritional benefits from consumption of fish species outweighed the health risks posed by toxic elements in fish.