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    Growth and Biomass Responses of Cotton to Nitrogen and Molybdenum Applied via Seed, Foliar, and Soil Pathways
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Sakin, Erdal; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Beyyavas, Vedat; Cevheri, Cevher Ilhan; Yildirim, Hakan
    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different molybdenum (Mo) doses and nitrogen (N) levels, applied using various application methods, on the physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses of cotton plants, as well as on soil biochemical properties. Mo (25 and 50 & micro;g kg(-)& sup1;) was applied as seed coating, foliar spraying, and soil drenching, and each Mo dose was combined with two N levels (15 and 30 kg ha(-)& sup1;). Plant growth parameters, stomatal conductance, SPAD values, leaf N content, and biomass were measured. Soil pH, EC, and enzyme activities (catalase, urease, and dehydrogenase) were also analyzed. Combined N-Mo applications significantly improved plant height, root length, leaf area, SPAD values, leaf N content, and both shoot and root biomass. Stomatal conductance decreased, thereby improving water use efficiency. Soil pH decreased while EC increased in all treatments compared to the control. Soil enzyme activities increased markedly across all Mo-N treatments, reflecting enhanced soil biochemical functioning. The Mo-N interaction positively influenced cotton physiology by enhancing photosynthetic performance, root development, nitrogen assimilation, and enzymatic antioxidant activity. Mo applications combined with appropriate N levels improved plant performance and offer a promising strategy for strengthening cotton productivity under diverse soil conditions.
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    Mitigating Salt Stress in Cotton through Biochar Amendments: Effects on growth, Oxidative Stress, and Microbial Activity
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Sarioglu, Ali; Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Sakin, Erdal; Beyyavas, Vedat; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil
    PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco-derived biochar in mitigating salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by assessing its impact on physiological growth parameters, oxidative stress indicators, and soil microbial activity under greenhouse conditions.MethodsA greenhouse experiment was conducted using saline and non-saline soils, with biochar applied at three doses (8, 16, and 24 g kg- 1 soil) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Measurements included plant growth traits (root and shoot length, biomass, SPAD values, stomatal conductance), oxidative stress markers (H2O2, MDA, proline), antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, POD, CAT), and soil enzyme activities (catalase, urease, dehydrogenase).ResultsUnder saline conditions, biochar application at 24 g kg- 1 significantly improved cotton root and shoot biomass by 30% and 25%, respectively. SPAD values and stomatal conductance increased, while H2O2 and MDA levels decreased. Antioxidant enzyme activities and microbial enzyme levels were enhanced by up to 40%, demonstrating the positive role of biochar in alleviating salt-induced oxidative stress and improving soil health.ConclusionBiochar, particularly at higher doses, enhances cotton resilience to salinity stress by improving physiological performance and microbial activity. These results highlight the potential of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment for saline agriculture.
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    Nutrient management in calcareous soils under semi-arid environments: effects on cotton productivity and soil health
    (Bmc, 2026) Beyyavas, Vedat; Kara, Hasan; Sakin, Erdal; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Ramazanoglu, Emrah
    In calcareous and alkaline soils, the availability of essential nutrients is limited, leading to substantial reductions in both yield and fiber quality in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. This study investigated the effects of different combinations of sulfur (S), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and urea on cotton yield and soil health in a two-year field experiment conducted under the conditions of the & Scedil;anl & imath;urfa-Harran (T & uuml;rkiye) Plain during the 2023-2024 growing seasons. Six different treatments were applied via soil and foliar application methods, and yield parameters (seed cotton yield, boll number, SPAD value), soil properties (pH, EC, CaCO3), and enzyme activities (catalase, urease, dehydrogenase) were evaluated. Results indicated that the combined application of elemental sulfur + ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + urea increased seed cotton yield by up to 32.9% compared with the control plots, while reducing soil pH by 4.3% and CaCO3 content by 20.8%. Moreover, catalase and urease activities exhibited changes of up to 29.7% and 15.3%, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and Soil Health Index (SHI) assessments revealed strong positive associations between yield, SPAD values, and microbial enzyme activities. These findings demonstrate that the integrated use of sulfur and micronutrients not only enhance cotton productivity but also contributes to improving overall soil health.