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    Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Biochar on Cotton Plants: A Comprehensive Study
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Ramazanoglu, Emrah; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Sakin, Erdal; Beyyavas, Vedat; Cevheri, Cevher Ilhan; Cun, Suat; Yanardag, Asuman Buyukkilic
    This study aims to investigate the effects of the combined treatment of biochar (BC) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cotton plants, focusing on morphological and physiological characteristics, nutrient content, and soil enzyme activities. The study examined the effects of different biochar doses in mycorrhiza-inoculated (M +) and non-inoculated (M -) treatments (0% BC + 200 kg N ha(-1), 1.5% BC + 200 kg N ha(-1), 3% BC + 200 kg N ha(-1)). The results showed that the highest SPAD value (34.66%) was observed in the M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. NDVI values increased by 25.29% in M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. M( +) treatment increased the N, NO3-, and soil enzyme activity was higher in the M( +) treatment. However, enzyme activity decreased as BC dose increased in both M( +) and M( -) treatments, with the most significant decrease observed in the 3.0% BC treatments. Nitrate reductase enzyme activity (NRA) decreased in all treatments except the 3.0% biochar treatment. M( +) treatment increased soil urease content by 27.24% compared to the M( -) treatment. Additionally, plant height, root length, nodule count, and spore number increased with increasing biochar doses, with the highest increase observed in the M( +) + 3.0% BC treatments. Positive correlations were found between SPAD, NDVI, and nutrients such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and root attributes. Negative correlations were observed with Mg and CAT enzyme activity. Urease, DHG, and CAT enzyme activities decreased significantly with increasing BC doses, particularly in M( +) treatments. Biochar and AMF co-treatment enhanced growth, root parameters, spore count, NDVI, SPAD, and soil and plant enzyme activities in cotton plants. The combined treatment of biochar and AMF is beneficial for cotton production. The findings of this research have significant potential implications for sustainable cotton production and soil management practices, particularly in optimizing mycorrhiza and biochar to enhance soil fertility, improve water retention, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers.
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    Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Biochar on Cotton Plants: A Comprehensive Study (apr,10.1007/s42729-025-02350-x,2025)
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Ramazanoglu, Emrah; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Sakin, Erdal; Beyyavas, Vedat; Cevheri, Cevher Ilhan; Cun, Suat; Yanardag, Asuman Buyukkilic
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    Growth and Biomass Responses of Cotton to Nitrogen and Molybdenum Applied via Seed, Foliar, and Soil Pathways
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Sakin, Erdal; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Beyyavas, Vedat; Cevheri, Cevher Ilhan; Yildirim, Hakan
    This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different molybdenum (Mo) doses and nitrogen (N) levels, applied using various application methods, on the physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses of cotton plants, as well as on soil biochemical properties. Mo (25 and 50 & micro;g kg(-)& sup1;) was applied as seed coating, foliar spraying, and soil drenching, and each Mo dose was combined with two N levels (15 and 30 kg ha(-)& sup1;). Plant growth parameters, stomatal conductance, SPAD values, leaf N content, and biomass were measured. Soil pH, EC, and enzyme activities (catalase, urease, and dehydrogenase) were also analyzed. Combined N-Mo applications significantly improved plant height, root length, leaf area, SPAD values, leaf N content, and both shoot and root biomass. Stomatal conductance decreased, thereby improving water use efficiency. Soil pH decreased while EC increased in all treatments compared to the control. Soil enzyme activities increased markedly across all Mo-N treatments, reflecting enhanced soil biochemical functioning. The Mo-N interaction positively influenced cotton physiology by enhancing photosynthetic performance, root development, nitrogen assimilation, and enzymatic antioxidant activity. Mo applications combined with appropriate N levels improved plant performance and offer a promising strategy for strengthening cotton productivity under diverse soil conditions.
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    Mitigating Salt Stress in Cotton through Biochar Amendments: Effects on growth, Oxidative Stress, and Microbial Activity
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2026) Sarioglu, Ali; Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Sakin, Erdal; Beyyavas, Vedat; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil
    PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of tobacco-derived biochar in mitigating salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) by assessing its impact on physiological growth parameters, oxidative stress indicators, and soil microbial activity under greenhouse conditions.MethodsA greenhouse experiment was conducted using saline and non-saline soils, with biochar applied at three doses (8, 16, and 24 g kg- 1 soil) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Measurements included plant growth traits (root and shoot length, biomass, SPAD values, stomatal conductance), oxidative stress markers (H2O2, MDA, proline), antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, POD, CAT), and soil enzyme activities (catalase, urease, dehydrogenase).ResultsUnder saline conditions, biochar application at 24 g kg- 1 significantly improved cotton root and shoot biomass by 30% and 25%, respectively. SPAD values and stomatal conductance increased, while H2O2 and MDA levels decreased. Antioxidant enzyme activities and microbial enzyme levels were enhanced by up to 40%, demonstrating the positive role of biochar in alleviating salt-induced oxidative stress and improving soil health.ConclusionBiochar, particularly at higher doses, enhances cotton resilience to salinity stress by improving physiological performance and microbial activity. These results highlight the potential of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment for saline agriculture.
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    Nutrient management in calcareous soils under semi-arid environments: effects on cotton productivity and soil health
    (Bmc, 2026) Beyyavas, Vedat; Kara, Hasan; Sakin, Erdal; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Cun, Suat; Firat, Zemzem; Ramazanoglu, Emrah
    In calcareous and alkaline soils, the availability of essential nutrients is limited, leading to substantial reductions in both yield and fiber quality in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production. This study investigated the effects of different combinations of sulfur (S), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and urea on cotton yield and soil health in a two-year field experiment conducted under the conditions of the & Scedil;anl & imath;urfa-Harran (T & uuml;rkiye) Plain during the 2023-2024 growing seasons. Six different treatments were applied via soil and foliar application methods, and yield parameters (seed cotton yield, boll number, SPAD value), soil properties (pH, EC, CaCO3), and enzyme activities (catalase, urease, dehydrogenase) were evaluated. Results indicated that the combined application of elemental sulfur + ZnSO4 + K2SO4 + urea increased seed cotton yield by up to 32.9% compared with the control plots, while reducing soil pH by 4.3% and CaCO3 content by 20.8%. Moreover, catalase and urease activities exhibited changes of up to 29.7% and 15.3%, respectively. Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and Soil Health Index (SHI) assessments revealed strong positive associations between yield, SPAD values, and microbial enzyme activities. These findings demonstrate that the integrated use of sulfur and micronutrients not only enhance cotton productivity but also contributes to improving overall soil health.
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    Performance of Gyttja Applications to Ameliorate Saline and Non-saline Soils and Enhance Cotton Plant Growth
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Sarioglu, Ali; Yanardag, Ibrahim Halil; Cun, Suat; Sakin, Erdal; Beyyavas, Vedat
    Purpose This study examines gyttja's impact on cotton growth, oxidative stress, and soil microbial activity under saline and non-saline conditions. Methods The experiments were conducted under saline (SS) and non-saline (NS) soil conditions. Fiona cotton variety was used as the plant material. The treatments included control (non-application), gd8 (8 g), gd16 (16 g), gd24 (24 g), SS, SS + gd8, SS + gd16, and SS + gd24. Results Gyttja applications significantly improved plant growth and stress tolerance. In non-saline soil, gyttja enhanced root and shoot development, with the highest dose (gd24) increasing root length by 26.5% and shoot weight by 54.7%. In saline soil, it effectively mitigated salt stress, leading to a 62.1% increase in root length and a 142.3% increase in root weight. Additionally, the application reduced oxidative stress by lowering hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels while increasing proline accumulation. The gd24 treatment reduced H2O2 by 35% and MDA by 29% under saline conditions. Soil microbial activity was also significantly enhanced, with catalase increasing by 346% and urease by 38.2%, contributing to improved soil health and nutrient cycling. These findings suggest that gyttja is a promising organic amend-ment for improving plant resilience and productivity, particularly under saline conditions. Conclusions These results suggest that gyttja can be an effective soil amendment that supports plant health and improves soil quality.