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Öğe A different look at the environmental Kuznets curve from the perspective of environmental deterioration and economic policy uncertainty: evidence from fragile countries(Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Anwar, Ahsan; Barut, Abdulkadir; Pala, Fahrettin; Kilinc-Ata, Nurcan; Kaya, Emine; Lien, Duong Thi QuynhEnvironmental degradation is one of the most significant issues that developing nations confront and needs to be resolved right away in order for them to achieve sustainable development. Government policies are crucial in this situation since emerging nations frequently struggle with the issue of policy ambiguity, which can result in environmental deterioration. In this context, this study investigates how policy uncertainty affects environmental degradation in the five fragile emerging economies known as the Fragile Five-Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa, and Turkey. Using data from 1996 to 2019, we estimate a Panel Quantile Regression analysis. The empirical findings indicate that economic policy uncertainty and technology innovation increases the environmental degradation whereas environmental degradation is slowed down by financial development and renewable energy consumption. Empirical evidence also confirms the presence of EKC hypothesis in fragile economies. Based on the findings, we suggest both a policy and an environmental framework for achieving sustainable development in fragile economies.Öğe COVID-19 ve Seçilmiş BIST Sektör İndeksleri İlişkisinde Sıcaklığın Moderatör Etkisi(Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, 2020) Barut, Abdulkadir; Kaya, EmineVirüslerin enfektivitesi sıcaklıktaki değişikliklerden etkilenmekte ve koronavirüs hastalığına neden olan COVID-19, bir istisna olmamaktadır. SARS-CoV-2'nin normal çekirdek vücut sıcaklığına yakın sıcaklıklarda stabilitesi, sıcaklığın COVID-19'un iletiminde ve şiddetinde özellikle önemli bir rol oynayabileceği noktasında bilim insanlarını düşündürmektedir. COVID-19 salgınının küresel çapta hızla yayılması, finansal piyasalar üzerinde dramatik etkilere neden olmuştur. Eşi görülmemiş bir risk algısı, COVID-19 salgını süresince oluşmuş ve yatırımcıların önemli ölçüde kayıplar yaşayarak piyasadan çekilmelerine kaynaklık etmiştir. Öte yandan, borsa getirileri, büyük olaylara tepki vermektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Covid-19’un Borsa istanbul’un bazı alt endeksleri ilişkisini ve bu ilişkide hava sıcaklığının etkisinin ölçülmesidir. Bu amaçla, 10 Mart 2020-15 Haziran 2020 şeklinde 65 günlük veri bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada değişkenler arasındaki eş bütünleme ilişkisi, Fourier ADL eş bütünleşme testi ile incelenmiştir. Fourier ADL eş bütünleşme testi sonuçlarına göre, BISTtüm, BIST100, BIST30, BISTkimya, BISTulaştırma ve BISTyiyecek endeksleri ile vaka sayıları arasında uzun dönem ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşın, BISTturizm endeksi ile vaka sayıları arasında ise uzun dönem ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Uzun dönem katsayıları ise DOLS tahmincisi ile tahmin edilmiş olup, bulgulara göre BISTtüm, BIST100, BIST30, BISTkimya ve BISTyiyecek ve vaka sayıları arasında pozitif ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. BISTulaştırma endeksi ve vaka sayıları arasındaki uzun dönem katsayısının ise istatistiki olarak anlamsız olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer yandan, moderatör değişkenin ise vaka sayıları ve BIST endeksleri arasındaki ilişkiyi güçlendirdiği kanıtlanmıştır.Öğe Do institutional quality and military expenditure of G20 countries affect green investments?(Sage Publications Ltd, 2025) Demirtas, Furkan; Kaya, Emine; Bekun, Festus Victor; Citil, Mucahit; Torusdag, Mustafa; Barut, AbdulkadirWith the increase in awareness of environmental issues, companies and governments try to review their environmental policies. One of the most important policies for protecting the environment is the use of energy sources, which cause less or no harm to the environment. In this study, we examine the effect of institutional quality and the components of this institutional quality on green investments for G-20 countries. For this purpose, we employ static panel data analysis, as a main analysis, and dynamic panel data analysis as a robustness check. According to the main findings, institutional quality positively affects green investments and military spending reduces green investments. Also, robustness checks indicate that the effect of institutional quality and military expenditure of G20 countries on green investments is robust.Öğe Do the credits of the state-owned development and investment bank trigger sustainable economic development? Evidence of İller Bank for Turkey(Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Bhat, Mohd Abass; Kaya, Emine; Barut, Abdulkadir; Kilinc-Ata, NurcanThis study aims to determine the effect of the İller Bank's credits on the sustainable economic development of Turkey between the 1981–2022 period. The study also employs the main analysis using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds model and robustness checks using the fully modified least square (FMOLS) and canonical cointegration analyses. ARDL model findings prove that the İller Bank's credits positively affect sustainable economic development indicators. Thus, governments should make the appropriate regulations to increase the investment credits for the growth of sustainable economic development and optimally enlarge the adaptive mechanism of credits by funding from the capital markets. © 2024 The AuthorsÖğe Environmental sustainability amidst financial inclusion in five fragile economies: Evidence from lens of environmental Kuznets curve(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Barut, Abdulkadir; Kaya, Emine; Bekun, Festus Victor; Cengiz, SevgiEconomic growth comes with it environmental trade-off on environmental sustainability. This occurrence is evidence on a global scale as it stems from human anthropogenic activities driven by the consumption of energy sources from fossil-fuel origin. On this premise, the present study focuses on five fragile economies with huge energy and sustainability targets to explore the nexus between economic growth and the environment. The present study is distinct from previous studies in scope by the construct and inclusion of a financial inclusion index with the aid of Principal component analysis (PCA), human development to the economic growth-environment argument. To this end to reach evidence-based outcomes second generational panel analysis is employed. The Durbin-Hansen cointegration test traces the long-run equilibrium relationship between the study variables. Subsequently, an augmented mean group (AMG) estimator is employed to explore the relationship between the outlined variables. Furthermore, the present study finds support for the pollution haven hypothesis for the selected fragile economies. The plausible explanation is due to weak trade and environmental treaties in the examined countries. However, the renewable energy human development index help mitigates environ-mental degradation. Thus, the present study advocates the need for energy transition and investment into new technological innovation in research and development to attain sustainable development goals and environ-mental sustainability resonated in UNSDGs-11,12 and 13. Additionally, financial inclusion plays a vital role in the five fragile energy-environment mixes. The current study presents vital policy directives in the concluding section for individual countries and the entire bloc for more effective policy direction.Öğe Exploring the Influence of Democracy, Rule of Law, and Societal Well-being on Climate Action in OECD Nations(Springer, 2025) Kilinc-Ata, Nurcan; Kaya, Emine; Barut, AbdulkadirAttaining the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement’s goals is daunting as global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions persistently escalate. It is vital to comprehend the elements that contribute to CO2 emissions to devise strategies for their reduction. While there is wealth of research on the impact of macroeconomic factors and clean energy transition on CO2 emissions, the influence of democracy and societal well-being on environmental quality remains underexplored. This study, therefore, investigates the role of democracy and happiness in the shift towards sustainable energy. It uses data from 36 OECD countries spanning from 2005 to 2021 and employs a panel quantile regression model. The study considers economic growth, population size, technological innovation, and the effects of renewable energy use on clean energy as control variables. The results indicate that democracy or the rule of law contributes to a decrease in CO2 emissions, suggesting that democratic principles may influence the adoption of emissions-reducing technologies in OECD countries. Interestingly, the study reveals a negative correlation between CO2 emissions and happiness, implying that a reduction in CO2 emissions could lead to increased happiness. This is because happier individuals in OECD countries appear to be more effective in maintaining a clean environment compared to their less happy counterparts. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Öğe Natural resource trade and financial technology as drivers of inclusive green growth in Belt and Road initiative countries(Elsevier, 2025) Khan, Khatib Ahmad; Kaya, Emine; Citil, Mucahit; Pilatin, Abdulmuttalip; Barut, AbdulkadirNatural resources can pave the way for sustainability and green growth, but they can also be a significant cause of conflict and war. Therefore, it is important to understand how natural resources impact inclusive green growth (IGG).This research employs the 30 countries from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) connected through trade, infrastructure, and investment with China to see how their inclusive green growth is affected via natural resources trade (NRT) with China. Given China's role as the largest trader of natural resources, its activities significantly influence the economic and environmental conditions of BRI countries. The research also examines how financial technology impacts IGG, and considers additional variables such as political stability, population dynamics, internet technologies, and structural transformation. The research employs quantile regression methods, including machine learning algorithms and Method of Moments Quantile Regression, as well as a Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) technique. The findings reveal that the NRT of the BRI network with China negatively affects inclusive green growth, while Fintech contributes positively to IGG. Additionally, economic complexity and internet technologies have a positive impact, while population has a negative effect on IGG. Political stability moderates the relationship of NRT and Fintech with IGG. These results underscore the importance of tailored policy recommendations to achieve inclusive green growth in BRI countries. Fintech plays a key role in green growth, and thus, developing countries should make strategic decisions based on fintech and technology adoption that may reduce environmental degradation and increase the efficiency of natural resources trade, supporting long-term development goals.Öğe The Asymmetric Effect of Foreign Ownership and Concentration on Financial Dollarization: The Case of the Turkish Economy(Springer, 2025) Zhao, Jin; Kaya, Emine; Ali, Kishwar; Magazzino, Cosimo; Barut, AbdulkadirThe Turkish economy is fragile and exhibits high exchange rate volatility, and financial dollarization is chronic in this country. Thus, this study explores the asymmetric effect of foreign ownership and concentration on financial dollarization in Turkey. The study covers 2004: Q1–2020: Q2 quarterly period and determines the asymmetric relationship between foreign ownership and concentration on financial dollarization. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) model is used as a main model and the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) model, the Bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) model, and the standard vector autoregression (VAR) model are employed for robustness checks. The NARDL model shows that concentration, exchange rate, foreign ownership, inflation, and GDP growth rates are effective factors in influencing deposit dollarization. The study confirms that positive (negative) shocks in concentration have a significant and positive (negative) effect on deposit dollarization in the short run. Also, the standard VAR model performs better than the BVAR model and the ARDL model and standard VAR model give approximately similar results to the NARDL model. These findings imply that speculative trading can be considered the cause of deposit dollarization and credit dollarization for Turkey, and domestic citizens do not dollarize the deposits to protect their wealth. Credit dollarization increases even if both positive and negative shocks happen to foreign ownership and concentration since credit dollarization may be seen as a hedging mechanism for the banking system in a high-inflation environment. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Öğe Treasure lying beneath the waters: exploring the deep connections between biodiversity and the blue economy(Frontiers Media Sa, 2025) Camkaya, Serhat; Kaya, Emine; Barut, Abdulkadir; Ali, Kishwar; Pilatin, Abdulmuttalip; Nassani, Abdelmohsen A.Introduction The blue economy has become a pivotal framework for achieving sustainable development, emphasizing the responsible utilization of marine and coastal resources while preserving ecosystem integrity. Although biodiversity is central to fisheries, aquaculture, and coastal tourism, its direct role in shaping the blue economy remains underexplored. Furthermore, the interactions of biodiversity with other structural factors, such as financial development, institutional quality, and environmental pressures, are insufficiently addressed in existing studies.Methods This study investigates the determinants of the blue economy by employing panel data from the world's ten highest-income blue economies over the period 2000-2021. To address econometric challenges such as cross-sectional dependence, unit roots, and cointegration, second-generation panel techniques were applied. Long-term relationships were estimated using the Augmented Mean Group (AMG) estimator, and robustness was assessed through complementary econometric tests.Results The empirical findings demonstrate that biodiversity exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on the blue economy. In contrast, financial development is negatively associated with blue economy performance. Institutional quality and per capita income are found to enhance blue economy outcomes, while CO2 emissions exert a detrimental influence. Robustness checks confirm the stability and reliability of these results across alternative specifications.Discussion The results underscore the vital role of biodiversity conservation in fostering sustainable growth within the blue economy framework. However, the negative effect of financial development suggests that existing financial structures do not sufficiently channel resources into environmentally sustainable marine activities. Strengthening institutional frameworks and aligning financial systems with ecological priorities are therefore critical. Moreover, reducing carbon emissions is indispensable to securing long-term resilience of marine ecosystems and ensuring the sustainability of blue economy activities.
