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Öğe Arsenic and trace metal concentrations in different vegetable types and assessment of health risks from their consumption(Elsevier, 2022) Varol, Memet; Gündüz, Kazım; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Aytop, HalilThe levels of 12 trace metal (loid)s (TMs) in 10 vegetable types including leafy vegetables (purslane, purple basil and parsley) and fruiting vegetables (pepper, tomato, eggplant, cucumber, zucchini, green bean and melon) and in maize grown in Malatya province (Turkey) were investigated and non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of these crops were assessed. The levels of TMs were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The mean levels of Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, As and Zn in all crops were below maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs), while those of Pb in pepper (0.109 mg/kg fw), eggplant (0.103 mg/kg fw) and green bean (0.177 mg/kg fw) slightly exceeded MPCs (0.1 mg/kg fw). Leafy vegetables had relatively higher concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe and Mn compared to fruiting vegetables and maize. The estimated daily intake value of each TM estimated for each crop was found to be below the tolerable daily intake value. The target hazard quotients of all TMs in all crops did not exceed the acceptable non-carcinogenic risk level. However, hazard index (HI) value (1.57) in tomato was found to be above the threshold value of 1, indicating non-carcinogenic risks for consumers due to the intake of combined TMs in tomato. The THQ values of As, Co and Pb contributed 46.4%, 24.5% and 16.4% of the HI value of tomato, respectively. High daily consumption amount of tomato likely resulted in high HI value. The findings obtained in this study reveal that even if the levels of TMs in vegetables are safe, more attention should be paid to non-carcinogenic risks associated with TMs as a result of high vegetable intake.Öğe Boron contamination and related health risk assessment in the soils collected from olive groves in İzmir province, Türkiye(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Varol, Memet; Deliboran, Aişe; Aytop, Halil; Ateş, ÖzgürAlthough boron (B) is an essential element for plants, high levels are also toxic. In this respect, pollution of soils by B may pose a serious problem for ecosystem and human health. On the other hand, studies evaluating the ecological and human health risks that may arise due to B contamination in agricultural soils are limited. In this study, it was aimed to determine the B pollution degree of the soils taken from the olive groves of İzmir province, which is approximately 180 km away from the B deposits in the Bigadiç district. In addition, the factors affecting boron adsorption and availability were discussed and the ecological and health risks of boron were evaluated. For this, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–30 cm from 118 olive groves and their B, Al, Fe, pH and organic matter contents were determined. The mean B content (47.08 mg/kg) of the study area was comparable to world-soil average B concentration (42 mg/kg). Also, B had a “low potential ecological risk” in the study area according to the ecological risk index results. On the other hand, based on the results of contamination factor (Cf) and enrichment factor (EF), “moderate contamination” and “significant enrichment” were found in the study area for B. These findings indicated that the B content in the study area is mainly related to the soil parent material, but irrigation water also contributes slightly to B content. Correlation analysis results suggested that Al and Fe contents of the soils in the study area may have an effect on B adsorption. The results of health risk assessment indicated non-carcinogenic effects are not expected for adults and children exposed to soil B content by ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation. © 2023 Elsevier LtdÖğe Environmental, ecological and health risks of trace elements, and their sources in soils of Harran Plain, Turkey(Elsevier, 2020) Varol, Memet; Sünbül, Muhammet Raşit; Aytop, Halil; Yılmaz, Cafer HakanSoil pollution with trace elements (TEs) has become an increasingly serious environmental concern, however, assessment of ecological and human health risks especially in intensive agricultural regions remains limited. In this study, the contents of ten TEs (Al, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn and Fe) in soil samples from 204 sampling sites in the Harran Plain (Turkey) were examined to evaluate possible sources, pollution status and environmental, ecological and health risks of these elements. Only As and Ni exceeded the upper continental crust concentrations. Among ten TEs, Ni and As had the highest mean values of enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor (Cf), indicating that soils showed moderate enrichment and moderate contamination with these elements. Ecological risk factor and ecological risk index values of all samples were <40 and <150, respectively, indicating low ecological risk in the study area. Factor analysis and correlation analysis indicated that Al, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn and Fe mainly originated from natural sources, Ni from mixed sources of anthropogenic and lithogenic origins, while arsenic primarily originated from anthropogenic activities. The hazard quotient values for both adults and children did not exceed 1, suggesting that all TEs in soil through ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation pathways had no significant non-carcinogenic risks. Children were more susceptible to non-carcinogenic health effects of TEs in soils. The carcinogenic risk values of As, Co, Cr and Ni were within the acceptable risk range, indicating that carcinogenic risks were not expected.Öğe Evaluation of ecological and health risks of trace elements in soils of olive orchards and apportionment of their sources using the APCS-MLR receptor model(Springer, 2024) Deliboran, Aise; Varol, Memet; Aytop, Halil& Idot;zmir, Turkey's third most populous city, is in an important position in terms of both agriculture and industry. The province, which contributes 9.3% to the country's industrial production, also has an important potential in terms of olive cultivation. However, until now, no research has been undertaken to analyze the content of trace elements (TEs) in the soil of olive orchards in & Idot;zmir. This study was carried out to determine the pollution level and ecological risks of TEs in the olive orchards soils of & Idot;zmir province, to reveal their potential sources and to evaluate their health risks. Among the TEs, the average content of only Ni (37.9 mg/kg) exceeded the world soil average content (29 mg/kg), while the average content of only Cd (0.176 mg/kg) exceeded the upper continental crust content (0.09 mg/kg). Enrichment factor revealed that there was significant enrichment for Cd in 73.6%, Ni in 11.6% and Cr in 5.4% of olive orchards, respectively, due to polluted irrigation water and agrochemicals. Similarly, ecological risk factor indicated that there were moderate and considerable ecological risks for Cd in 48.8% and 23.3% of olive orchards, respectively. Absolute principal component scores-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model showed that Ni and Cr in the study area are affected by agricultural sources, Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn originate from lithogenic sources, and Cd originates from mixed sources. Based on health risk evaluation methods, non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects would not be expected for residents. This study provides significant knowledge for evaluating soil TE pollution in olive orchards and serves a model for source apportionment and human health risk evaluation of TEs in other agricultural regions.Öğe Zinc bioavailability in semiarid agricultural regions: a soil property-based assessment(Springer, 2025) Taspinar, Kadriye; Aytop, Halil; Ates, Ozgur; Varol, Memet; Yalcin, Gulser; Kizilaslan, Fatih; Toprak, SerdarZinc concentration in soils can cause both nutritional deficiency and toxicity in plants. Therefore, both the concentration and availability of Zn, especially in semiarid soils, are critical for agriculture and the environment. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between Zn concentrations and some soil properties in semiarid agricultural areas of T & uuml;rkiye and to create spatial distribution maps. For this purpose, 1529 surface soil samples (0-30 cm) were taken from the 8687 km(2) study area and organic matter (OM), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), pH, available phosphorus (AP), available Zn (AZn) and total Zn (TZn) analyses were carried out. In addition, the Zn availability ratio (Zn-AR) was calculated by the ratio of AZn to TZn concentration. The results indicated that AZn and TZn had high coefficients of variation (> 45%) due to the high heterogeneity of agricultural soils in the study area. Total Zn concentration ranged from 11.74 to 276.45 mg kg(-1) and only 11.8% of the soil samples for TZn were found to exceed the upper continental crust value (67 mg kg(-1)), indicating low Zn accumulation in the study area. Similarly, none of the samples for TZn exceeded the maximum permissible concentration in soils. However, AZn deficiency was determined in 55% of the samples. Correlation analysis showed that AZn had significant positive correlations with TZn, AP and OM (p < 0.01). Spatial distribution maps showed that there were some differences in distribution trends of TZn and AZn concentrations. Total Zn concentrations were higher in the northern and northwestern regions of the study area, while AZn concentrations were higher in the western region. The zinc availability ratio (Zn-AR) showed higher values in the western and southeastern regions of the study area. Soil properties influencing the spatial distribution of Zn availability were AZn, AP and OM.
