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Öğe A Deep Learning Approach to Alzheimer's Diagnosis Using EEG Data: Dual-Attention and Optuna-Optimized SVM(Mdpi, 2025) Arikan, Funda Bulut; Cetintas, Dilber; Aksoy, Aziz; Yildirim, MuhammedBackground/Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, pathologically defined by the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau-related neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. It represents a principal driver of cognitive deterioration in middle-aged and elderly populations. Early diagnosis and pharmacological management of the disease markedly improve both the quality and duration of life. Methods: Electroencephalography (EEG) is critical in detecting and analyzing Alzheimer's disease. The widespread use of mobile EEG devices in recent years has necessitated real-time and effective data processing. However, extracting disease-specific features from EEG data still poses a significant challenge, especially in cases that must be completed quickly. This study aims to determine the frequency bands associated with Alzheimer's disease in EEG data obtained from multiple channels and to accelerate the detection methods. An accurate classification that requires little computation is the primary goal. Results: EEG recordings of 48 individuals (24 AD and 24 healthy controls (HC)) obtained from Florida State University were divided into Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Theta frequency bands; scalograms and spectrograms were generated for each frequency band. The effectiveness of these bands was evaluated using the MobileNetV2 architecture. The results showed that Delta and Beta frequency bands were the most significant for Alzheimer's detection. By analyzing the features obtained from the Delta and Beta bands using the MobileNetV2 model integrated with the Dual-Attention Mechanism, it was determined that the attention mechanisms improved model performance by 2%. In addition, the use of an SVM classifier with hyperparameters optimized via Optuna resulted in approximately 3% performance improvement, suggesting that hyperparameter tuning may contribute positively to classification accuracy. Furthermore, combining features obtained from these frequency bands increased the detection performance when evaluated with larger datasets. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the potential of frequency band-based analyses and feature fusion methods to increase the accuracy and efficiency of Alzheimer's diagnosis using EEG data. The results are promising; however, they should be interpreted with caution regarding their generalizability.Öğe An Innovative Hybrid Model for Automatic Detection of White Blood Cells in Clinical Laboratories(Mdpi, 2024) Aksoy, AzizBackground: Microscopic examination of peripheral blood is a standard practice in clinical medicine. Although manual examination is considered the gold standard, it presents several disadvantages, such as interobserver variability, being quite time-consuming, and requiring well-trained professionals. New automatic digital algorithms have been developed to eliminate the disadvantages of manual examination and improve the workload of clinical laboratories. Objectives: Regular analysis of peripheral blood cells and careful interpretation of their results are critical for protecting individual health and early diagnosis of diseases. Because many diseases can occur due to this, this study aims to detect white blood cells automatically. Methods: A hybrid model has been developed for this purpose. In the developed model, feature extraction has been performed with MobileNetV2 and EfficientNetb0 architectures. In the next step, the neighborhood component analysis (NCA) method eliminated unnecessary features in the feature maps so that the model could work faster. Then, different features of the same image were combined, and the extracted features were combined to increase the model's performance. Results: The optimized feature map was classified into different classifiers in the last step. The proposed model obtained a competitive accuracy value of 95.6%. Conclusions: The results obtained in the proposed model show that the proposed model can be used in the detection of white blood cells.Öğe Assessment of The Experience and Mood of COVID-19 Pandemic Care Nurses(Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi, 2020) Aksoy, Aziz; Demirtaş, Havva; Bayraktar, HavvaEpidemics and pandemics have affected many societies at various times throughout human history. In the 21st century, the world is still struggling with epidemics and pandemics. Nurses play important roles in healthcare practices during infectious disease pandemics and other epidemic diseases. Therefore, they are at risk of direct patient care and exposure to contagious diseases. In this study, during the COVID-19 outbreak, pandemic care nurses; It is aimed to examine their experiences and moods with a questionnaire. This work; was conducted with the participation of 50 (13 Male + 37 Female) volunteer nurses who directly care for COVID-19 patients or suspects. Online survey questions were asked to determine the experiences and moods of the nurses during the interventions. The data obtained were analyzed with IBM SPSS 20® program. All of the participants were trained in care nursing. Participants were forced, 60% (30) of them in the habit of using personal protective, disinfectant and clothing. 78% (39) experienced insomnia, stress and anxiety, but only 2% (1) reported using sleeping pills, 36% (17) practiced meditation, muscle relaxation and breathing exercises. During this difficult period, 62% (31) of the nurses were found to be exposed to verbal/physical aggression by their patients/relatives. A significant relationship has been found between exposure to verbal or physical violence by patients / patient relatives and the Marital status-professional working year (P <0.05). As a result, the COVID-19 Pandemic process imposes both an intense work pace and a heavy responsibility for nurses. Changes in work habits brought along both psychological and physical stress and looking at the data, the fact that the COVID-19 Pandemic process took longer than expected created psychological burnout in nurses. Despite all this, nurses overcome these difficulties with their experiences.Öğe Assessment of the frequency and biochemical parameters of conjunctivitis in COVID-19 and other viral and bacterial conditions(De Gruyter, 2020) Oruç, Yavuz; Aydın, Süleyman; Akkoç, Ramazan Fazıl; Aydın, Suna; Gül, Fatih Cem; Uğur, Kader; Şahin, İbrahim; Hanbeyoğlu, Onur; Kılıç, Süleyman Sırrı; Aksoy, AzizObjectives We compared the laboratory and clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other viral (beside COVID-19), and bacterial conjunctivitis patients with the values of controls. Methods Twenty COVID-19, 15 other viral, 15 bacterial patients, and 15 control group were included in the study. COVID-19 was diagnosed with the real time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction while the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test was used in the detection of other viral agents. Bacterial agents were determined with the detection of the agent. The ophthalmologic examination of all cases was carried out by direct penlight, and the anterior segment evaluation was performed. The laboratory findings of all cases included in the study were obtained from the hospital records. Results It was determined that 5% conjunctivitis and 5% diplopia developed in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 20% conjunctivitis developed in patients due to other viral agents, and 66.6% conjunctivitis developed in patients due to bacterial agents. Conclusion The incidence of conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients was lower than in other viral and bacterial groups. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and C-reactive protein come to the forefront as precious parameters with high specificity and sensitivity that might be useful to distinguish these diseases.Öğe Can the Posterior Segment Findings of the Eye and Serum Microbiota Metabolites Be a Biomarker in Schizophrenia?(Mdpi, 2026) Keser, Sinem; Yildiz, Sevler; Aydin, Suleyman; Keles, Julide; Aksoy, Aziz; Emre, ElifBackground and Objectives: In many neurodegenerative diseases, the pathological changes occurring in the central nervous system may be reflected in the periphery. The aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between the retina, choroid, and nerve fibre layer thicknesses measured on optic coherence tomography (OCT) and the serum microbiota metabolite levels of trimethyl amine-N-oxide (TMAO), S-equol, Indoxyl sulphate (IS), and Maresin 1 (MaR1). Materials and Methods: This study included a total of 60 subjects, comprising 30 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group of 30 healthy individuals. A sociodemographic form was given to all the subjects and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to the schizophrenia patients. The eye fundus was evaluated with OCT. A 5 mL blood sample was taken from the arm of each subject, and the microbiota metabolite levels of TMAO, S-equol, IS, and MaR1 were examined. Results: The retina nerve fibre layer (RNFL) analysis results showed that the RNFL superior (p = 0.016), inferior (p = 0.002), central choroid (p = 0.033), nasal choroid (p = 0.004), temporal choroid (p = 0.038), and TMAO (p = 0.001) values were significantly lower in the schizophrenia patients than in the control group. In the patient group, a significant negative correlation was determined between the RNFL temporal measurements and IS, as well as a significant positive correlation between the central choroid measurement and the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements and between the nasal choroid and temporal choroid measurements. A statistically significant positive correlation was seen between S-equol and TMAO. A significant negative correlation was seen between the MaR1 level and age and disease duration. Conclusions: The study results showed that fundus changes are associated with serum microbiota metabolite levels in schizophrenia patients. Therefore, these parameters may be considered potential exploratory biomarkers; however, their clinical applicability requires validation in larger longitudinal studies.Öğe Detection of Gallbladder Disease Types Using a Feature Engineering-Based Developed CBIR System(Mdpi, 2025) Bozdag, Ahmet; Yildirim, Muhammed; Karaduman, Mucahit; Mutlu, Hursit Burak; Karaduman, Gulsah; Aksoy, AzizBackground/Objectives: Early detection and diagnosis are important when treating gallbladder (GB) diseases. Poorer clinical outcomes and increased patient symptoms may result from any error or delay in diagnosis. Many signs and symptoms, especially those related to GB diseases with similar symptoms, may be unclear. Therefore, highly qualified medical professionals should interpret and understand ultrasound images. Considering that diagnosis via ultrasound imaging can be time- and labor-consuming, it may be challenging to finance and benefit from this service in remote locations. Methods: Today, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques ranging from machine learning (ML) to deep learning (DL), especially in large datasets, can help analysts using Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems with the early diagnosis, treatment, and recognition of diseases, and then provide effective methods for a medical diagnosis. Results: The developed model is compared with two different textural and six different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models accepted in the literature-the developed model combines features obtained from three different pre-trained architectures for feature extraction. The cosine method was preferred as the similarity measurement metric. Conclusions: Our proposed CBIR model achieved successful results from six other different models. The AP value obtained in the proposed model is 0.94. This value shows that our CBIR-based model can be used to detect GB diseases.Öğe Generic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (O157:H7) contamination of lettuce and radish microgreens grown in peat moss and perlite(Elsevier, 2020) Işık, Hasan; Topalcengiz, Zeynal; Güner, Senem; Aksoy, Azizathogens can be transferred to microgreens from seeds, irrigation water and growth media. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contamination of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC O157:H7) and generic E. coli to lettuce and radish microgreens grown in spray and bottom irrigated peat moss and perlite. Lettuce and radish seeds were grown in nalidixic acid resistant E. coli strains inoculated peat moss and perlite. Populations of cells were enumerated on edible and inedible part of plants. Survival of E. coli strains were also examined in growth media for 28 days. Type of irrigation did not affect the population of cells transferred to edible part of plants (P > 0.05). Populations of E. coli contaminating the inedible part of plant were higher in perlite than those in peat moss (P < 0.05). No E. coli O157:H7 was detected by enrichment in edible part of lettuce grown in peat moss. Radish microgreens had high generic E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 populations (4.15–6.49 log CFU/g) regardless of growing media. E. coli O157:H7 showed similar survival trends to generic E. coli in peat moss, perlite and plant growth solution over 28 days of storage. Cultivation of microgreens in perlite requires umbrella strategies to mitigate risk including irrigation water quality, seed decontamination and postharvest treatments to prevent contamination.Öğe Hygiene habits and infection risks of hairdressers and beauty salons employees during applications in different anatomic regions(İnönü Üniversitesi, 2020) Aydın, Suna; Aksoy, Aziz; Ceylan, HacerAim: This study; Providing personal care services to the anatomical parts of the body, it offers important information about the risks of hygiene and contamination in hairdressers and beauty salons both for employees and those receiving service. Material and Methods: This descriptive study was planned; It consists of 60(46F+14M) volunteers. 26 hairdressers and beauty salons in Diyarbakır city center and its related districts. Data; It was obtained with questionnaire forms composed of 84 questions. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 Statistics Software. Results: Of the participants, he did not know that 73%(44) was vaccinated against hepatitis B, 15%(9) was not vaccinated, while others did not. The majority of the participants had sufficient knowledge about the transmission of hair-breaking disease. It was observed that 20%-30% of the participants did not have sufficient information about the transmission routes of diseases such as Hepatitis B, C, HIV. Participants; 38.3%(23) of them wash their hands after each customer, 50%(30) of them use separate towels for each customer, 51.7%(31) when cutting hair, 41.7%(25) continuous apron while waxing 63.3%(38) stated that they wear gloves continuously for each customer. Only those using UV for sterilization of instruments were found to be 26.7%(16). Participants generally used to disinfect the bottom by using disinfectants rather than sterilization. Conclusion: Participants' wearing aprons, gloves and protectors, washing their hands after each customer, their efforts to protect from infectious diseases, their knowledge of sterilization techniques were not sufficient for all service locations. It is obvious that poor infection control procedures and hygienic practices, including cleaning and disinfection, will present a risk of infection among customers. Infection risks for places that provide personal care are not well defined. Specific infection control practices should be performed by environmental health physicians.Öğe Investigation of Obesity Tendency of University Students with Bioelectric Impedance Body Analyzer(Malatya Turgut Ozal University, 2020) Aksoy, Aziz; Sele, Halime; Oğur, SedaAim: In this study, it was tried to investigate the obesity tendency of the students of Bitlis Eren University with Bioelectrical Impedance Body Analyzer. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 volunteer students, 200 girls and 200 boys, were included in the study. Findings: According to Body Mass Index (BMI) values were found that 19.5% of the girl students were weak, 68.5% of them were normal weight, 11.0% of them were overweight and 1.0% of them were obese, 4.5% of the boy students were weak, 71.0% of them were normal weight, 22.0% of them were overweight and 2.5% of them were obese. According to body fat ratio were determined that 40.0% of the girl students were in the obesity tendency risk group and 48.0% of them were obese, 56.0% of the boy students were in the obesity tendency risk group and 26.0% of them were obese. According to the waist/hip ratio were revealed that 95.5% of the girl students were in the obesity tendency group and 4.0% of them were obese, 85.5% of the boy students were in the obesity tendency group and 4.0% of them were obese. The difference between sex and fat ratio, waist/hip ratio, and BMI values and the difference between age and fat ratio, waist/hip ratio, and BMI values were found significant (p<0.05). Result: Obesity is at a high level among university students.Öğe MİKROYEŞİLLİKLER: BESİNSEL İÇERİĞİ, SAĞLIK ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ, ÜRETİMİ VE GIDA GÜVENLİĞİ(2022) IŞIK, Sefa; IŞIK, HASAN; AYTEMİŞ, Zeynep; Guner, Senem; Aksoy, Aziz; CETIN, Bulent; Topalcengiz, ZeynalGünümüzde sağlıklı ve organik gıdalara olan talep giderek artmaktadır. Bu gıdalardan biri olan mikroyeşillikler; sahip oldukları canlı renk, hassas yapı, yüksek aroma ve özellikle içerdikleri biyoaktif bileşenlerden dolayı sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkileri nedeniyle son yıllarda tüketicilerin ilgisini çekmektedir. Mikroyeşillikler çeşitli sebze, tahıl ve bitki tohumlarının çimlenmesinden sonra ilk gerçek yapraklarının oluşumunu takiben hasat edilen küçük boyutlardaki bitkilerdir. Mikroyeşilliklerin üretimi, genellikle gurme mutfaklarda kullanılmak üzere endüstriyel ve ev ölçekli olarak yaygınlaşmaktadır. Mikroyeşilliklerin raf ömürlerinin kısa olması ve çabuk bozulabilmesi nedenleriyle bu ürünlere hasat sonrası muhafaza ve depo koşullarında farklı prosedürler uygulanabilmektedir. Üretim şartları ve genellikle çiğ olarak tüketilmeleri nedeniyle olası bir kontaminasyon durumunda, mikroyeşillikler gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara yol açabilecek potansiyel riskli gıdalar olarak görülmektedir. Bu derlemede; üreticiler, tüketiciler ve araştırmacılar için önem taşıyan mikroyeşilliklerin besinsel içerikleri, sağlığa faydaları, yetiştirilme koşulları, muhafaza yöntemleri, kontaminasyon riskleri ve gıda güvenliğine dair bilgiler güncel araştırmalar ışığında kapsamlı bir şekilde sunulmuştur.Öğe The distribution of allele frequencies of the 15 Short Tandem Repeats loci in Elazığ population, Türkiye(2024) Aksoy, Aziz; TOKDEMİR, MEHMET; konar, vahitThe DNA within the Human Genome involves loci with high polymorphism such as short tandem repeats (STR). The STR polymorphism analysis is extensively used for numerous purposes such as identification studies in forensic sciences, paternity tests, genome mapping, and population studies. In this study, blood and swab samples were obtained from 200 unrelated healthy individuals living in Elazig province. DNA was amplified via the AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, USA) to analyze the 15 STR loci. Using the ABI PRISM310 Genetic Analyzer capillary electrophoresis, the samples were analyzed and the allelic ladder was used to compare and identify the alleles of the samples, the distribution of the allele frequencies and peak values were examined. For statistical analysis Arlequin v.3.11 and PowerStats v.1.2 were used to assess the data. To determine if the allele frequencies were compatible with the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium, the Markov chain and the Fisher's exact test p-value (p<0.05) were examined. It was determined that the D8S1179 (0.00002), D21S11 (0.00593) and vWA (0.04939) loci were not compatible with the HW equilibrium, but the rest of the loci were compatible. For the loci, the combined power of exclusion is 0.9999995, the combined power of discrimination is 0.9999999999998. The probability of matching for the 15 STR loci was calculated to be 1 in 1.364x10 ?17. The power of discrimination was quite high when all the loci were considered. The results of this study indicate that the populations residing in the Elazığ province may benefit from paternity testing, forensic identification, and genomic mapping using the data as an appropriate marker.
