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    The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications
    (Elsevier Science London, 2017) Akyol, Sumeyya; Lu, Jonathan; Akyol, Omer; Akcay, Fatih; Armutcu, Ferah; Ke, Liang-Yin; Chen, Chu-Huang
    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem of great concern to both the public and medical authorities. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been reported to play an important role in both the development and progression of CVD, but studies are underway to determine how LDL exerts its effects. In recent years, it has been found that LDL has several subfractions, each of which affects endothelial function differently; L5, the most electronegative fraction, has been shown to be unique in that it induces an atherogenic response. This review examines the current knowledge concerning the relationships between L5 and CVD and highlights the role of L5 in the pathophysiology of CVD, especially with regards to atherosclerosis.