| dc.description.abstract | Türkiye’de para ve sermaye piyasalarında aktif şekilde faaliyet gösteren bankalar, finansal sistemin en önemli ayaklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Günümüz itibariyle güçlü kurumlara ve modern bir bankacılık anlayışına sahip olan Türk bankacılık sektörünün geldiği noktanın doğru değerlendirilmesi adına sektörün tarihsel süreç içinde geçirdiği değişim ve dönüşümün kavranması büyük önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türk bankacılık sektörünün tarihsel gelişimi kronolojik olarak incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Türk bankacılık tarihinin 19. yüzyıla kadar uzandığı ve Osmanlı döneminde banker ve sarrafların faaliyetleri ile başladığı tespit edilmiştir. Cumhuriyet öncesinde daha çok yüksek kamu borçlanmalarını finanse etmek üzere faaliyet gösteren bankalar, Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında ise, sanayi sektörünün finanse edilmesinde görev almıştır. Bu süreçte özel sektörün güçlenerek, özel bankaların kurulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Planlı dönemde ise, bankacılık sektörü için istikrarsız büyüme ve enflasyondan kaynaklanan zorluklar yaşanmıştır. 1980 yılından sonra piyasa ekonomisine geçiş ile, bankacılık sektöründe birçok yenilik meydana gelmiştir. Ancak 1990’dan sonra, yüksek kamu borçları ve yüksek enflasyon nedeniyle, bankacılık sektörü zor yıllar yaşamıştır. Yaşanan krizlerin ardından bankacılık sektöründe, yeniden yapılandırma süreci başlamış ve kredi hacmi ilerleyen yıllarda oldukça genişlemiştir. Mevcut durum itibariyle, Türk bankacılık sektörü sağlam mali yapısı ile faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | EXTENDED ABSTRACT
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW TO THE BANKING SECTOR BORN WITH
GALATA BANKERS IN TURKEY
1. LITERATURE
1.1. RESEARCH SUBJECT
The financial system is one of the most critical indicators of performance in an economy.
Therefore, understanding the change and transformation of the financial system provides useful
information for economic agents. The banking sector is one of the essential pillars of the financial
system.
In Turkey, as in the world, the units that pioneered the banking system are the bankers. Galata
bankers influenced the economic conditions with the banker enterprises they established in the second
half of the 19th century and played an essential role in the financial life of the Ottoman Empire. Galata
Bankers have made significant savings by carrying out loan transactions in almost all lands of the
Ottoman Empire and financing the consumer and local people (Kazgan, 2006: 25). Bankers carried out
banking activities (Sümer, 2013: 11), and the wealth and welfare of bankers increased to advanced
levels. Bankers, who continued borrowing and lending transactions in Galata, carried out banking
activities until the transition to modern banking (Apak and Tay, 2012: 66).
1.2. RESEARCH PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Turkish banking sector from a historical
perspective and to try to shed light on Turkish banking history.
1.3. CONTRIBUTION of THE ARTICLE to THE LITERATURE
It is thought that looking at the Turkish banking sector from a historical perspective may be
beneficial for the finance literature. In this way, shedding light on historical development is expected
to be a guide in terms of having information about the financial system, proposing policies and
reducing uncertainties regarding the future.
2. DESIGN AND METHOD
In the study, the history and development of Turkish banking are investigated
chronologically, divided into specific periods. In this context, the literature has been examined, and
secondary resources have been used.
3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
It was determined that banking activities in the Ottoman Empire first started through Galata
Bankers residing in Galata. It has been determined that banking activities and borrowing in the
Ottoman Empire generally originated from the public sector, but in the first years of the Republic,
mostly the industrial sector was financed by the banks. Also, it was determined that the private sector
got more robust and private banks were established in the same period. The planned period, on the
other hand, was a period of difficulties arising from unstable growth and inflation for the banking
sector. Therefore, the banking sector could not become strong enough. With the transition to a market
economy after 1980, many innovations have occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, due
to high public debts and high inflation, the banking sector experienced difficult times.
After 2001, the restructuring process started in the banking sector, and the loan volume
expanded considerably in this process. The restructuring process has stabilized the banking sector,
however; foreign-owned banks have become more assertive, and banks in the sector have begun to lose their national identity. Today, the financial structure of the Turkish banking system shows a
robust character. Besides, the Turkish banking sector has high-quality products and services and
effective supervisory institutions.
4. CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATION AND LIMITATIONS
As a result, it was determined that borrowing generally originated from the public sector in
the banking activities, which started with money and bankers in the Ottoman Empire; in the first
years of the Republic, the industrial sector was financed by the banks, and the private sector was
strengthened, and private banks were established. In the planned period, there were difficulties for
the banking sector due to unstable growth and inflation. With the transition to the market economy
after 1980, many innovations occurred in the banking sector. However, after 1990, the banking sector
had a hard time due to high public debt and high inflation. The restructuring process started after
2001 in the banking sector, and the loan volume expanded considerably in the following years. Such
that, while the banking sector has become global, instability has increased. Today, the Turkish
banking sector has strong institutions and a modern banking approach. | en_US |
